Akers’ differential reinforcement theory highlights the importance of reinforcements and their impact on criminal behavior

In addition, mcdougal offers an insight into the context of a group, where people may need to pay attention to the other person so that you can relate well and come together effortlessly. He also emphasizes regarding the need for good listening skills so that you can foster and sustain impeccable interpersonal relationships at school and beyond.

Response

This book takes me back to my years as being a young adult, when I had been constantly regarding the defense when I spoke to my elders. In the past I felt like individuals were against me for reasons uknown and each conversation could appear as being a pending accusation. The Petersen’s text took me back to the time when I had been constantly finding myself at loggerheads with authorities, including my parents, teachers, and also elder siblings and relatives. It turns out that I got into each conversation with full stomach and flat head, hence I never really understood just what everyone had to state if you ask me. It explains why I happened to be specially thought to be a difficult individual with extremely little support from those who I expected to support me. Each and every time some body tried to correct me about something I had done, I would start explaining my own side of this story without really processing what they were wanting to tell me. This usually frustrated the individuals who were wanting to make me an improved person by offering me an advice and correcting my mistakes.

From reading the book, i really believe that the main reason for my being labeled as an arduous person would be the fact that I happened to be incorrigible. It came to exist because most people believed that I happened to be maybe not taking directions from others. My failure to improve for the higher is founded on the very fact that I spent all the time during conversations strategizing on the best way to escape confrontation, even though the talker would be wanting to help me down. The very fact that I did not listen implies that most of the time I did not know very well what they were saying. My stomach had been constantly full of frustration, fear and guilt for being wrong all the time. Now I am aware that if I had taken only some moments to be controlled by what I had been being told then I could have avoided so many confrontations that I now think were utterly unnecessary.

Representation

This book offers me an insight steer clear of having meaningless confrontations in the future by simply playing how many other people have to state rather than focusing so much about what i would really like to share with them. Previously, I obtained into conversations by having a stomach full of feelings and emotions that needed to be let out.https://123helpme.me/profile-essay/ I happened to be struggling to listen because I focused too much on what I was going to say responding to whatever I was being told. Rather than having room in my own head for processing the info that I happened to be being given by the talker, I had an appartment brain syndrome that impeded my ability to comprehend concerns that have been being relayed if you ask me. As being a result, I happened to be branded whilst the kid that never listens.

Petersen’s text enlightens me on the best way to prevent the flat brain tango, which regularly creates the environmental surroundings for confrontation that will otherwise be unnecessary. Rather than forcing visitors to tell me about their feelings, i will be now able to listen and comprehend these feelings on the basis of the things that they have been prepared to share. As opposed to making use of manipulation, I can now make use of my good listening skills to know the interlocutor’s situation and relate to it carefully before speaking up. It can help me in order to avoid hurting other folks when they trust in me with their dilemmas and feelings.

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Another insight would be regarding the significance of playing the relationships that I have with my children, friends and workmates. Playing some body implies learning them and being able to relate with them in a fashion that they might find acceptable and relevant. It implies that listening is the key skill in looking towards better relationships all round, be they formal or casual.

Action

As a listener, I can say that I belong to the sounding ritual listeners who stay quiet for as long as the interlocutor has nothing to say but would otherwise be glad to share his / her own thoughts since soon as an opportunity occurs. It implies that i really do not really pay attention to the talker in my own conversations but alternatively I wait on them to pause or ask a question to ensure that I can jump in with my own view regarding the matter. As being a result, all the time that I spend being quiet through that conversation is spent strategizing on a comeback statement. My first plan of actions is to improve what I do when I am silent within a conversation. Rather than interested in loopholes into the talker’s argument to ensure that I can insert my own witty remarks, I will focus on what they are actually saying to ensure that I can think of their opinion and look at the subject from their point of view. While my thoughts seem like they have been the main if you ask me, I have learnt that good conversation could be the one in which every party involved actually wins in that in the end there is an agreement in opinion.

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As opposed to being defensive and wanting to establish that I am right plus the talker is wrong, I want to focus on understanding just what the talker is wanting to share with me and on to be able to restate his / her concerns within my words before you go ahead to speak out my opinion about the subject. It’s important because I mostly find myself unable to respond accurately to a quarrel because I have absolutely no idea just what points the talker could have raised while I happened to be absorbed within my thoughts looking for a solution of this confrontation. It’s important for me to spotlight having fruitful conversations, in which everyone comes out content with the quality of conversation.https://123helpme.me/argumentative-essay/

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Order Essay with this Title by Shaw (1966) is just a book that describes the story of Stanley, a delinquent going right through different phases of criminology, and his influences and experiences. This paper will examine essential areas of Akers’ differential reinforcement theory as an element of social learning, theory, making use of proof Stanley’s values, attitudes and influences as presented in (Shaw, 1966). The integration of ideas additionally the evidence from the book provides a foundation for understanding the components of the theory in detail.

The Jack Roller

The roots of juvenile delinquency continue to be an interest of several criminological clinical tests. explains an account of Stanley, a juvenile delinquent, whom Clifford Shaw comes across during his interviews with juveniles. The book takes readers through various activities that took place in Stanley’s life from childhood to adulthood. The story introduces personal details that affect Stanley additionally the reasons why he’s got get embroiled in criminal activities. The influences of his environment, family back ground, and cognitive behavioral faculties are also described into the book.

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Criminological Theory Discussion

The social learning theory states that learning is an element that depends on individual’s cognitive and behavioral processes. They enable an individual to understand from others through modeling, observing and imitating. Ronald Akers believed that people in society developed motivation to commit crimes due to their associations (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). In this regard, individuals learn about their criminal skills through personal interactions with their peers or other folks. Therefore, a deviant form of behavior is learned through observing and modeling social factors from the social context perspective.

Akers’ social learning theory is dependent on several principles, one of which advocates for vicarious reinforcement (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). It implies that individuals learn through observing other people’s behavior as they are afflicted with its consequences. Furthermore, the theory is founded on the principle of modeling, whereby individuals develop new behavioral tendencies from observing behavioral patterns of other folks in society. Reciprocal determinism is also essential since it implies that a person can be an active recipient of valuable information. In this regard, people be determined by their behavioral, cognitive and environmental stimuli that influence their actions into the long-run. In accordance with Cullen and Agnew (2003: 159), differential reinforcement enables people to sharpen their criminal skills.

Application of Akers’ Social Learning Theory to

Akers states that criminal behavior is learned through training, modeling, and imitation (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). In , Stanley describes his home environment as being a reason for his deviant behavior. He explains, “My life had been filled up with sorrow and misery. The main cause had been my stepmother, who nagged me, beat me, and drove me out of my own home” (Shaw, 1966: 47). He continues to spell out that the influence from his stepbrother and friends introduced him towards the world of crime. These individuals urged him to stealing. In addition, his stepmother also encouraged such activities. Therefore, observing his stepbrother and friends made Stanley model criminal behavioral patterns.

Environment stimuli also enhance criminal activities (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). Growing up in a unstable environment whereby violence was a norm made him believe that violence had been the simplest way of communicating. Therefore, he imitated his stepmother’s actions towards him. He also learned the act of stealing by imitating his older stepbrother and friends. He was conditioned to the behavior because of the attention he accorded them and his cognitive abilities that enhanced his survival.

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a essential take into account Akers’ social learning theory could be the rate of relapse or obsession with criminal behavior that people acquire (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). After they learn about different criminal activities, they perfect the art and start to become dependent on committing crimes. Stanley shows this addiction in . He becomes so dependent on the art of crime that produces friends aided by the former delinquents and criminals. His friendship by having a former inmate from Saint Charles makes him perfect the actions connected with jack-rolling. Stanley justifies his actions after he had assaulted and robbed a gay man on the streets. He said, “He tried to ensnare me, and I figured I happened to be directly to relieving him of his thirteen bucks” (Shaw, 1966: 86).

Akers also explains that the type and frequency of learning be determined by the norms based on which these reinforcement elements are applied (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). Even after his release from the detention center, Stanley found it tough to live life without crimes. His life outside the institution did not mirror the lessons learned at the detention home. Stanley did not see the need for heading back home after he previously been released. Therefore, he was taken in by a prostitute. His attempts to get factory jobs were futile for the reason that he had become dependent on the life of taking things without having to work too much to buy them. For Stanley, the temptation to getting a quick dollar had been hard to resist (Shaw, 1966: 78).

Failing to have a stable home had a significant influence on Stanley’s life. Having less a stable home environment reinforced criminal activities he was used to, making them develop into a norm in his life (Cullen & Agnew, 2003: 201). explains exactly how Stanley found it simple spending nights in alleys and vacant houses. In addition, he failed to live in foster domiciles assigned to him. All possibilities he previously to getting a good home were ruined by his self-destruction activities like being violent or stealing.

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Stanley’s jack-rolling activities were affected by his emotional and cognitive dilemmas accumulated since he was young (Shaw, 1966: 115). He said which he lacked the influence of his daddy in his life. “My daddy had been gone all the time when he was there he was drinking heavily” (Shaw, 1966: 61). Having less a positive influence from his daddy made him suffering from other folks in society. His behavioral tendencies made him incline to learning just how to commit crimes and perfect his jack-rolling activities. His life on West Madison Street had been an outlet for his feelings, specially those who he had experienced as a result of his father’s negative influences on him. He became extremely violent, targeting innocent victims, incapacitating them and stealing into the long term (Shaw, 1966:116). At the age of fifteen, he enjoyed the influence of other delinquents in alleys because he longed for a daddy influence on him. The streets reinforced his frequency of acquiring criminal behavior, becoming an essential take into account social learning theory (Cullen & Agnew, 2003).

Akers’ social learning theory impacts individuals who seem to have low self-esteem (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). Stanley believed that people looked down on him. Therefore, he previously to create a emotional defense to protect him. Stanley’s involvement in criminal activities makes him believe that he could be trapped in this sort of life and has develop into a victim of different circumstances. “For the first-time in my life, I discovered that I happened to be a criminal. I became one as I sat there and brooded. At first I happened to be very nearly afraid of myself, being like a stranger to my own self” (Shaw, 1966: 103). As soon as he’s got become used to the life of crime, he finds himself valuable to many other criminals. Criminal activities are becoming his way to obtain self-esteem.

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Prediction

utilising the logic of Akers’ differential reinforcement theory, i really believe that Stanley continues living a life of crime. Stanley’s deviation to criminal activities is caused by the differential reinforcement that has recently taken place in his life. In this regard, the potency of these elements makes me rely on the probability which he will resort to criminal behavior. His association aided by the people on West Madison Street is also reasons to lure him back in jack-rolling activities. The pleasure and self-esteem that Stanley derives from jack-rolling will also make him resorting to committing crimes.

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Order Essay with this Title offers an inner perspective in to the life of Stanley and differing dilemmas which he faced, making him a criminal. The book is also effective in providing a back ground of Stanley’s life that explains a number of his behavioral tendencies. However, it doesn’t explain just what the future holds for Stanley, making readers form their conclusions. Akers’ differential reinforcement theory highlights the importance of reinforcements and their impact on criminal behavior. However, it doesn’t describe the impact of emotional, physical and biological components of learning criminal behavior in society. However, the main aspect to simply take from the book is crime is an induced activity. It could be easily controlled through effective mentorship programs, particularly for teenagers like Stanley, to avoid the development of criminal activities in the future. Book Review "Plagiarism Free rates From only 12,99$/page

Population

The country has a slightly higher number of females than males. Of this 55.91 million people, 28.53 million are females, and 4.47 (8%) have reached least 60 years, while 30.1% are children below 15 years (Stats SA, 2016). At the same time, life expectancy by mid-2016 had been 65.1 years for females and 59.7 years for males, with infant mortality rate of 33.7 per 1,000 live births; about 12.7% of the country’s population lived with HIV, representing a complete 7.03 million people (Stats SA, 2016). These demographic figures show that the health status of this nation is in danger.

Government

The South African government is divided in to three governmental arms. The President could be the head of this government, and he forms the administrator arm together with the cabinet and deputy ministers ( Government of South Africa, n.d.b). The other two will be the legislative additionally the judicial arms respectively. The constitutional democracy rules it, aided by the national, provincial, and town levels having their legal and executive authorities within their spheres. The Ministry of Health carries down all government health functions in the country.

Economy

The country enjoys a huge workforce between 15 and 64 years. This accounts for significantly more than 65% of this population with additional than 1 / 2 of the workforce being 25 years and below (the entire world Bank, 2015). Areas that power South Africa’s economy are agriculture, mining, manufacturing, construction, commerce, transport, and finance among numerous others. The entire world Bank ranks South Africa as an upper middle-income country aided by the second largest economy after Nigeria (SAinfo Reporter, 2015). In 2014, its GDP had been $350.1-billion along with a per capita of $6 483 (SAinfo Reporter, 2015). Anything shows how a African economic giant thrives in comparison with other countries into the continent.

State of Health (Disease/Violence/Accidents)

The health status of men and women in South Africa is worse because numerous diseases as well as other causes of death kill many people every year. The median time from the full time of HIV disease to death is 11.5 years for women and 10.5 years for guys, while the death crude rate is down from that of 2002, that has been 12.9 deaths per 1,000 people to 9.9 death per 1,000 in 2016 (Stats SA, 2016). This shows that HIV kills guys faster than females, and though mortality rate reduces, it is still high. Injuries cause significantly more than 60,000 deaths every year, with 46% being homicides, while self-inflicted and road traffic injuries account fully for 9.1% and 26.7% of injury-related mortality respectively ( The entire world Health Organization, n.d.). Therefore, homicides will be the leading reason behind injury deaths in South Africa followed closely by road accidents. However, HIV kills more people than most of the injuries combined. Other common health issues that kill many individuals every year in the country include malaria, respiratory infections, prematurity and birth asphyxia, diarrhea, congenital abnormalities, neonatal sepsis, and lots of non-communicable diseases as well as cardiovascular conditions.

Culture/Traditional Medicine

Traditional medicine is just a deeply rooted among the South African population, especially the native blacks. It is the oldest type of medical care system in the country, and has now existed as an ancient and culture-bound healing method for various diseases for many centuries (Abdullahi, 2011). Hence, herbs used by old-fashioned healers include herbs, finished organic services and products, containing elements of plants, plant materials as substances, and organic preparations. Furthermore, the Southern Bantus of the African continent believe in the ancestors who direct and influence affairs of this living, and ill health in addition to misfortunes is thought to come from ritual pollution, witchcraft, or ancestral wrath (Sobiecki, 2014). People also rely on curses while the reason behind some problems created on some individuals or their loved ones due to their evil deeds. South Africans have two forms of old-fashioned health practitioners – the diviner (Zulu isangoma) and the herbalist (Zulu inyanga) (Sobiecki, 2014). Diviners are spiritual professionals who keep in touch with ancestral spirits to diagnose dilemmas of these patients before counseling, instructing on ritual ceremonies, or prescribing organic medicine to treat the situation. Herbalists do not keep in touch with the spirits to diagnose but they use herbs to take care of illnesses.

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Healthcare System and Delivery

The healthcare system of South Africa is made up of a sizable public sector, a tiny but fast-growing private sector, last but not least, the non-governmental (NGO) sector. Hawaii funds the public sector, with more than 40% of this health system expenditure coming from the national treasury, and 11% of this entire government budget is used on health, which is significantly more than the 5% GDP recommendation of this World Health Organization (Jobson, 2015). The reason for such expenditures could be the significant burden posed by tuberculosis and HIV among other diseases. Furthermore, the country experiences high quantities of poverty and unemployment, compelling the state to bear the duty of financing the medical system (Jobson, 2015). The private sector comprises of private medical practitioners, and NGO focus mostly on HIV and tuberculosis.

Government health-related agencies and health regulatory businesses. The Ministry of Health of South Africa has a sole obligation of regulating the fitness of citizens. It is aided by the legislative arm of this government that formulates the legislation, through which it operates, additionally the Medicines Control Council (MCC), a medicine regulatory body. The MCC applies requirements of this Medicines and Related Substance ACT that governs functions of manufacturing, distribution, sale, and marketing (Medicines Control Council, n.d.). The Ministry of Health regulates all areas of health provision in the country, including financing and ranking of medical facilities from the national towards the regional level ( Government of South Africa, n.d.a). Therefore, the MCC additionally the Ministry of Health will be the main government agencies influencing health care.

Healthcare personnel and hospitals. Although South Africa has many medical facilities, it is suffering from acute shortage of both physicians and nurses. It has 5,560 dentists and 38,236 doctors with 1 medical practitioner serving 4,219 people, meaning 23.7 physicians serve 100,000 people (Jobson, 2015). Furthermore, South Africa has 270,437 registered nurses, serving the people of 55.91 million people, and thus around 483.7 nurses serve 100,000 people (MedicalBrief, 2016). The united states has 4,200 public health facilities, 376 public hospitals, and 143 of those are located in urban places, whilst the remaining ones come in rural areas (Jobson, 2015). Therefore, South Africa is suffering from a acute shortage of both physicians and nurses.

The nursing education system and accrediting businesses. The South African Nursing Council gets the sole obligation of accrediting nursing education institutions along with the supplied training programs. South Africa has 129 public schools of nursing education and extra 101 from the private sector (South African Nursing Council, n.d.). The Council has accredited many institutions to offer nursing education from public and private universities and colleges. It further investigates and takes legal action against the non-accredited institutions of nursing.

Nursing associations. Nurses in South Africa can join various nurse professional businesses. In accordance with Sigma Theta Tau Overseas (n.d.), the united states has two professional nursing associations that include the DENOSA (Democratic Nursing Organization of South Africa) together with South African Society of Occupational Health Nurse Practitioners. DENOSA could be the largest one, with additional than 84,000 member nurses; it absolutely was developed in 1996 (DENOSA, n.d.). Other than bringing unity, DENOSA advocates the liberties and welfare of nurses all over the country. South African nurses are also people of this Overseas Council of Nurses (ICN), in which DENOSA can be an influential member (ICN, 2015). In fact, South Africa hosted the 2016 Annual Meeting associated with ICN.

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Health Priorities

Together with international businesses, the government works hard to ensure that the health status of this country is improved. In line with the Government of South Africa (n.d.a), the Department of Health has four priorities: increasing the life expectancy of men and women, reducing maternal-child mortality, decreasing the duty of tuberculosis and combating HIV and AIDS, and strengthening the health system. Other businesses also work hard to help the government achieve its health priorities, considering that mortality rates in the country are high, with many people coping with HIV and AIDS, and tuberculosis. Mothers2mothers is an organization that trains South African mothers with HIV on the best way to prevent maternal to child transmission with this disease as well as just how to live healthy everyday lives (Rosenkranz, 2012). The Southern African AIDS Trust funds partners who work to cut back the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in addition to tuberculosis to boost programs of prevention, treatment, support, and impact mitigation amongst others (Rosenkranz, 2012). Therefore, the South African nation is committed to achieving its health priorities, aided by the government and non-governmental businesses taking the lead.

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Bugl, H. et al. (2007). DNA synthesis and biological protection. Nature Biotechnology, 25, 627-629.

The authors analyze the dominant legal concerns linked with protection dilemmas in your community of DNA synthesis for commercial purposes. They will have determined key motivation and principles of manipulation of genetic material found in the usa. They explain that effective police in this sphere includes interdicting, investigating, and deterring such criminal actions. Bugl et al. (2007) have determined five main goals that should be met when controling this dilemma. The key skills with this article include its high systematization value since well as being a number of certain recommendations about a DNA synthesis screening process. The main weakness is having less theoretical justification of reasons as the authors believe their method is the most effective from a practical point of view.

Heyman, J. (1999). Why interdiction? Immigration control at the United States-Mexico border. Regional Studies, 33(7), 619-630.

Mcdougal examines the current regulations in the sphere of the US-Mexico border control. A number of contradictions and legal inefficiencies are specified. Heyman believes that political interest dominate in this sphere in comparison with economic one. The greatest intent behind these actions is opposing globalization in all its types. Heyman has provided deep ethnographic work that supports his hypotheses. The political control also directly affects certain technologies that are applied during border control. The key skills with this article will be the clear formulation of this initial hypothesis and its empirical verification through available data. The main weaknesses include the absence of practical recommendations for improvement as well as unsupported claim about long-term advantages of globalization for both countries into consideration.

Bayley, D. (2006). Police additionally the rule of law: will there be a tradeoff? Criminology & Public Policy, 2(1), 133-154.

The author analyzes evidence-based arguments in regards to the violation of police the rule-of-law principles, and its influence on personal and collective interests. The investigation counters the position of several police about the justification of cutting legal corners for the sake of common interests. Hence, Bayley has specified seven reasons that show that violating these principles contradicts the interests of police. Mcdougal proposes to improve the dominant police culture in accordance by having a large pair of empirical evidences. The key skills with this article include its critical assessment of various alternative hypotheses, and reliance on practical evidences to determine the truth. Its main weaknesses are attention to the narrow area without further elaboration for the legal system generally speaking; also, author proposes to present this research in further studies.

Steffen, G., & Candelaria, S. (2004). Currency seizures during interdiction investigation. Law & Order, 52(3), 40-47.

The authors analyze the dominant techniques used in the process of currency seizure during interdiction investigation into the sphere of drug control. The authors examine the existing law restrictions that you can get regarding police as officials should prove the existence of a criminal nexus. Certain requirements of proper documents are inspected in more detail. All important components should be correspondingly documented. The authors also examine the role of interview skills. The optimal packaging and transportation strategy is outlined. All decisions of currency seizures must be supported by evidences and gathered information. The key skills of this article are the exact presentation of all of the formal demands into the sphere of currency seizure. The main weakness refers towards the lack of legal analysis and corresponding recommendations.

Rider, B. (1996). The practical and legal aspects on interdicting the flow of dirty money. Journal of Financial Crime, 3(3), 234-253.

Mcdougal examines the motivation of monetary crimes including premeditation. Rider specifies some practical dilemmas linked with difficulties of determining the resources of acquiring wealth. Even though the government as well as other institutions implement numerous measures for creating obstacles for cash laundering, it is very plausible that this dilemma will continue to exist in the future as a result of strong incentives from prospective criminals. Hence, it is very problematic to produce measures that may entirely neutralize criminals’ incentives for cash laundering. The key skills with this article are the explanation of motivational areas of criminals’ actions, and specification of reasons of low efficiency of government policies in this field. The main weakness is the absence of an integral approach towards coping with this dilemma.

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Wilson, D., Walsh, W., & Kleuber, S. (2006). Trafficking in humans: Training and services among US police agencies. Police Practice & Research: a worldwide Journal, 7(2), 149-160.

The authors explain the current serious public concerns regarding trafficking of women and children. They outline number of federal policies that are recently introduced by the government so that you can increase the situation with human being trafficking. Wilson, Walsh, & Kleuber claim that local police officers may be more effective in comparison with federal agents. Their reasoning is they are more aware of this existing difficulties with prostitution and similar conditions that could be directly related to human trafficking. Generally speaking, the current system existing at the area level is apparently inefficient whilst the majority of correct actions are not taken. The key skills with this article are the seek out improvement and providing certain and potentially efficient recommendations. The main weakness is the absence of proposals concerning the optimization of operations between federal and regional agents.

Budowle, B. et al. (2007). Role of police response and microbial forensics in investigation of bioterrorism. Croatian Healthcare Journal, 48, 437-449.

The authors explain that the growing threats of bioterrorism force national governments to cover additional awareness of launching new and more effective biosecurity measures. Budowle et al. propose to distribute optimally the key obligations among governments, the private, and public sectors. Three types of validation are proposed so that you can investigate the prevailing risks, and select the adequate responding strategy.